In What Way Is Hamlet Relevant in Our World Today? Essay

In that question, the word Hamlet is not underlined because the play itself is not nearly as relevant as a whole as Hamlet the person is. The play is full of allusions, jokes, and implications that is difficult for a modern audience to pick up on and understand their significance to the overall work. After all, Shakespeare wrote this as a performance piece that was to help pay the bills as much as it was to be a work of art. This is in no way to suggest that Shakespeare was just trying to make a quick buck and did not say anything profound through his play. This is to merely clarify that exactly how the events happen and the minor details and nuances of their telling are less important than the character of Hamlet himself. Hamlet’s growth in his view and philosophy about life is the most significant aspect of this work. Hamlet is facing what any young person faces. True, not everyone loses his father via murder, has a mother that remarries his father’s murderer, murders their ex-girlfriend’s father shortly before she herself dies (commits suicide?), kills his girlfriend’s brother, and murders his stepfather as he dies of poisoned drink and blade both. In fact, those events in isolation aren’t particularly common, but to have even two or three in conjunction is more than unfortunate, and all of them to fall on a single young man is downright unfair to say the least. Even before he discovers his father’s death is murder by Claudius, he remarks, â€Å"How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable/Seem to me all the uses of this world!†, indicating how he already feels at a loss for what to do with himself. This is just after he’s been told he won’t be able to return to college as he’d planned to do. Young people today still have their future plans disrupted by tragedy; whether it is personal, such is the case with Hamlet, or financial in nature. As the play moves on, Hamlet meets the Ghost, Ophelia stops speaking with him, and his madness (?) begins. The scene Ophelia describes to Polonius in which Hamlet enters her sewing room disheveled, â€Å"And with a look so piteous in purport/As if he had been loosed out of hell/To speak of horrors,–he comes before me.†, is overlooked as only important to evidencing Hamlet’s madness. In fact, it is quite the contrary. This is a moment in which Hamlet, though saying nothing, portrays through his body language all the anguish he feels in his dilemma. At this point, he is aware of his options: Avenge his father’s death and face the consequences, or accept his lot in life and make the best of it with Ophelia, the woman he loves. To be torn between rocking the boat, sticking it to the Man, and risking everything, or just living on your knees as best you can is an agonizing and contemporary decision that people of any age, but especially young people face daily. Hamlet goes on to explore a far more morbid option, which sadly some teens choose. â€Å"To be, or not to be: that is the question:/Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer/The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,/Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,/And by opposing end them?† The suicide he muses about is twofold. There is the physical act of suicide, but also the suicide of a long, unsatisfying, unfulfilled life. This is the first time he voices it explicitly, but the theme has been building since his first remark on the unprofitability of this world. As with most youths, he comes to decide in favor of life, if for no more reason than the fear of an unknown, possibly worse, or worse, possibly nonexistent afterlife. The morbidity of Hamlet’s musing increase appropriately as he lounges about unrecognized as Ophelia’s grave is being dug. â€Å"Imperious Caesar, dead and turn’d to clay,/Might stop a hole to keep the wind away:/O, that that earth, which kept the world in awe,/Should patch a wall to expel the winter flaw!† The best of us are little more than dirt and a name after death. Whether it’s the scenery or all the death Hamlet is cognizant or even responsible for, he’s moved from his own mortality and fragility to the general statement about humankind. This sort of realization is still very much a part of maturing and growing as an imperfect person in an imperfect world today. The final stage in Hamlet’s philosophical growth is evidenced as complete by his remark to Horatio before his (supposedly sporting) duel with Laertes. â€Å"If it be now, ’tis not to come;/if it be not to come, it will be now;/if it be not now, yet it will come:/the readiness is all:/since no man has aught of what he leaves, what is’t to leave betimes?† This sort of Zen-like acceptance of what his life has meant and been up until this point, and the directions available to him allow him to prevail, even though he dies, in his mission to purge the Danish court of the rottenness (Claudius, whom his father is contrasted with) Marcellus mentions in Act One. In the end, Hamlet becomes his own man, and if descriptions of his father are anything to go by, a man of whom his father would be proud. He refuses to compromise with the appearances of his world and instead opts to face the hard realities. It costs him his life, but it also made his life worth living, down to when he drinks the rest of the poison so that Horatio will not. In doing so, he both implicitly and explicitly charges Horatio’s life with a purpose, â€Å"If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart/Absent thee from felicity awhile,/And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain,/To tell my story.†. Even though his life ended prematurely, he died fulfilled. Throughout the play, his comprehension of his world and his influence grows, and he makes an inspiring, albeit tragic, change for the better. Hamlet’s life, minus the woeful details, are a highly relevant portrayal of the philosophical growth of youths yesterday, today, and near certainly tomorrow.

Demat account Essay

The trading on stock exchanges in India used to take place through open outcry without use of information technology for immediate matching or recording of trades. This was time consuming and inefficient. This imposed limits on trading volumes and efficiency. In order to provide efficiency, liquidity and transparency, NSE introduced a nation-wide on-line fully automated screen based trading system where a member can punch into the computer quantities of securities and the prices at which he likes to transact and the transaction is executed as soon as it finds a matching sale or buy order from a counter party. Screen based electronic system electronically matches orders on a strict price/time priority and hence cuts down on time, cost and risk of error, as well as on fraud resulting in improved operational efficiency. It allows faster incorporation of price sensitive information into prevailing prices, thus increasing the informational efficiency of markets. It enables market participants, irrespective of their geographical locations, to trade with one another simultaneous, improving the depth and liquidity of the market. It provides full anonymity by accepting orders, big or small, from members without revealing their identity, thus providing equal access to everybody. It also provides a perfect audit trial, which helps to resolve disputes by logging in the trade execution process entirety. The sucked liquidity from other exchanges and in the very first year of its operation, NSE became the leading stock exchange in the country, impacting the fortunes of other exchanges and forcing them to adopt SBTS also. Today India can boast that almost 100% trading take place through electronic order matching. In order to promote dematerialization of securities, NSE joined hands with leading financial institutions to establish the national securities depository Ltd. (NSDL), the first depository in the country, with the objective of enhancing the efficiency in settlement systems as also to reduce the menace of fake/forged and stolen securities. This has ushered in an era of dematerialised trading and settlement. SEBI has made dematerialised settlement mandatory in an ever -increasing number of securities in a phased manner, thus bringing about an increase in the proportion of shares delivered in dematerialised form. There is an increasing preference to settle trades, particularly in high value securities, in demat form. Such  high level of demat settlement reassures success of rolling settlement. What is DEMAT In India , a demat account, the abbreviation for dematerialised account, is a type of banking account which dematerializes paper-based physical stock shares. Conversion of Securities from Physical (Paper) Mode into Electronic Mode is Called Dematerialisation. The Client opens Demat Account with any DP. Upon Demat, the Certificates are destroyed and credit entry of exactly equal number of Securities is created in Depository in Electronic mode. The B.O. account of holder is credited and the securities loose their identities. The dematerialised account is used to avoid holding physical shares: the shares are bought and sold through a stock broker. This account is popular in India. The market regulator, securities and exchange board of India (SEBI) mandates a demat account for share trading above 500 shares. As of April 2006, it became mandatory that any person holding a demat account should possess a permanent account number (PAN), and the deadline for submission of PAN details to the depository lapsed on January 2007. Dematerialisation is the process by which physical certificates of an investor are converted to an equivalent number of securities in electronic form and credited in the investor’s account with its DP. In order to dematerialize certificates; an investor will have to first open an account with a DP and then request for the dematerialisation of certificates by filling up a dematerialisation request form [DRF], which is available with the DP and submitting the same along with the physical certificates. The investor has to ensure that before the certificates are handed over to the DP for demat, they are defaced by marking â€Å"Surrendered f or Dematerialisation† on the face of the certificates. Objective of the Study †¢ The main objective of the study is to know about the potential of the market regarding people’s dealing in share market. †¢ To know the role of Demat Account . †¢ To know the procedure of opening DEMAT ACCOUNT. †¢ The objective is to know that how many people in the city are aware of the UNICON SECURITIES PVT. LTD. †¢ To know where people have already opened their demat a/c and on what basis. Procedure for Opening an Account A demat account are opened on the same lines as that of a Bank Account. Prescribed Account opening forms are available with the DP, needs to be filled in. Standard Agreements are to be signed by the Client and the DP, which details the rights and obligations of both parties †¢ The DP officials will make available the relevant account opening form (depending on whether the client is a retail investor or corporate client/clearing member) and specify the list of documents regarding references that should be submitted along with the form. It will also give a copy of the relevant agreement to be entered with the client, in duplicate. †¢ The client will submit the duly filled in account opening form and client has to visit personally for opening the account in DP. The DP officials have to do in person verification and affix the â€Å"IN PERSON VERIFICATION† stamp on the account opening form. It should also furnish such documents regarding references, as specified by the DP , along with the account opening form. After executing the agreement the client has to forward it to the DP. †¢ The DP officials will verify that the account opening form is duly filled in. It will also verify the enclosed documents, if any. Incomplete forms will be forwarded to the client for rectification. For Corporate Clients, the DP officials will verify if the board resolution for the authorized signatories is enclosed. †¢ In case the documents are not proper, the DP officials will reject the form and intimate the client of the same, stating the reasons for doing so. †¢ If the form is in order; the DP officials will accept the same and affix the stamp â€Å"verified with original† on each and every proof after seeing the original proofs. †¢ After completion of all documentation, the DP officials will verify the pan from income tax website. And affix the stamp â€Å"PAN VERIFIED† with date and sign on the stamp. †¢ The DP officials will enter the client details as mentioned in the account opening form in the DPM (software provided by NSDL & CDSL to the Participant) screen provided for the purpose. In case of NSDL A/c opening the SR. Assist will capture all the details in the DPM and record the client’s signature (on the form) as specimen for authorizations in the future. †¢ After entering client details in the system, a client account number will be generated by the DPM. The DP officials will enter this in the account opening form. After that the officers will verify the details in the DPM captured by the SR. Assist. and  activate the account. †¢ The DP officials are not allowed to give the demat a/c no to the clients until the a/c is activate, this is applicable for both NSDL & CDSL. †¢ When the demat a/c is activated the DP officials have to send the client master and the copy of agreement between DP and client at the client’s address DEMAT Process †¢ The registered holder of the securities makes the request. †¢ Securities must be recognised by Depository as eligible. †¢ Client submits DRF & physical certificates to DP. DP checks securities. †¢ Client defaces certificates and DP punches two holes on name of company. †¢ DP enters demat request in system for Depository. †¢ DP dispatches certificates along with DRF to R&T. †¢ Depository records the details and sends to R&T. †¢ R&T agent verifies the details and confirms to Depository. †¢ Depository credits the demat securities to BO a/c of client and intimates DP electronically. †¢ DP issues statement to client

C.V. George and Company VS. Marshall Sons

The Appellant humbly submits this memorandum for one appeal filed before this Honorable Court.. It sets forth the facts and the laws on which the claims are based. Statement of Jurisdiction of the Respondent The Respondent humbly submits this memorandum in response to the appeal filed before this Honorable Court.. It sets forth the facts and the laws on which the claims are based. Statement of Facts On 6th May, 1971, C.V George and Company, a contractor in Cochin, requested a quotation for the supply of one hot mix plant from Marshall Sons, a dealer in Hot Mix plants and Mini Crushers. The requested quotation was sent by Marshall Sons on 1 lath May, 1971. After a few days, on 21st June 1971, C. V. George and Company requested for a revised quotation which was sent by Marshall Sons on 29th July, 1971. C. V George and Company finally placed the order for one hot mix plant on 31st July, 1971. In their second quotation, Marshall Sons said that they would supply the hot mix plant within 3 -4 months, subject to conditions beyond its control.To this quotation, the contractor sent a letter saying that according to their previous discussions, the hot mix plant should be ready by the last week of September. No reply affirming this condition was sent by the dealer. Nearly a month after the time within which C. V. George and company wanted to have the delivery of the plant, they received a letter from Marshall Sons stating that he plant would be ready for delivery in the middle of next month or even earlier and that they had requested their associate company to expedite delivery of the machine. On 22nd November, 1971 Marshall Sons informed C.V George and Company that due to the go slow policy adopted by the workers in the factory it would be impossible for its associate company to deliver the plan by the end of November and they would try to deliver it by 10th December, 1971. There was no further correspondence between the two parties and the plant was eventually supplied b y Marshall Sons on 30th January,1972. Marshall Sons (plaintiff filed a case against C. V George and Company (defendant) in the trial court due to discrepancies between them. The objective of filing the case was to claim the amount for the supply of the hot mix plant from C. V George and Company whereas C.V. George and Company made a claim for damages under four counts, namely: (1) RSI. 2,000 being the cost of 12 volt electrical starter equipment with battery complete;(2) RSI. 321. 97 being the expenditure incurred towards the cost of materials and labor charges for welding and rectification of defects before the commission of the plant: (3) RSI. 2,000 being the value of 0. 75 ton of steel and (4) RSI. 8,175 being the hire charges for hiring plant from the Cochin Corporation. The trial court held that: (1) there was no consensus among the parties regarding the mime within which the hot mix plant was to be supplied, (2) C. V.George would receive an amount of RSI. 500 for the 12 volt e lectrical supply starter equipment and the other three claims would be set off, (3) even if for any reason, it is held that the amounts claimed under the other three clauses, do not amount to a plea of set off or counterclaim, the evidence adduced, has not established the claim made by the defendant. A decree was given in the favor of the plaintiff for a sum of 12,096 and at an interest rate of 6% annum from 27th' January, 1971, till the date of plaint and proportionate costs. C. V George and Company appealed against this decree and judgment of the trial court in the high court.Questions Presented by the Appellant The following questions are presented before the court in the instant matter: 1) Whether time is to be considered an essence of the contract 2) Whether the contract was carried out by the respondent within a reasonable span of time 3) Whether the appellant is entitled to claim full amount for damages 4) Whether there was a breach of warranty Questions Presented by the Resp ondent Whether time is to be considered an essence of the contract 2) Whether the appellant is entitled to claim full amount for damages 3) Whether there was a breach Summary of Pleadings of the Appellant 1 .Whether time is to be considered an essence of the contract: Ordinarily, time is to be treated as an essence of commercial contracts, as stated by the Counsel for the appellant. Furthermore, when the appellant requested for the machinery to be supplied latest by the middle of September, 1971 , the subsequent replies of the respondent showed clear indication of acknowledgment of the time span, as well as the stipulated deadline. Therefore, the respondent has committed reach of condition of warranty under Section 59 of the Sale of Goods Act, by not supplying the hot mix plant by the middle of September, 1971. . Whether the contract was carried out by the respondent within a reasonable span of time: The appellant's case states that the hot mix plant should have been supplied by the middle of September, 1971 and the respondent failed to fulfill his part of the contract as the plant was supplied on 30th January, 1972. The appellant further states that this delay was without any reasonable or probable cause and hence the contract wasn't fulfilled within reasonable time. 3.Whether the appellant is entitled to claim full amount for damages: The appellant's case is that as the hot mix plant was not delivered within the time stipulated, it is entitled to claim damages amounting to 12,496. Due to the delay in the supply of the plant, the appellant had to incur losses. 4. Whether there was a breach of warranty: The appellant claims that there was a breach of warranty and tries to recover the amount he can. He is of the view that part (3) in section 12 of the Sale of Goods Act entitles him to raise a claim.Part (3) in section 12: ‘A warranty is a stipulation collateral to the main purpose of the contract, the breach f which gives rise to a claim for damages but n ot to a right to reject the goods and treat the contract as repudiated. ‘ Summary of Pleadings of the Respondent 1 . Whether time is to be considered an essence of the contract: The respondent had stated that the hot mix plant would be supplied within 3-4 months, subject to conditions beyond its control. Though the appellant wanted delivery of the hot mix plant in the middle of September, 1971, the respondent did not send any reply agreeing to the appellant's stipulation.Marshall Sons sent out another correspondence on 22nd November, stating that in view of the go slow policy adopted by the workers in the factory for the past one month, it would not be possible for its associate company to deliver the plant by the end of November. No objection or protest was raised by the appellant in response to this. There was no consensus regarding the period within which the plant had to be supplied and thus, time was not to be considered as essence. 2.Whether the appellant is entitled to claim full amount for damages: The appellant aimed to collect its desired sum as compensation, of RSI. 12,496, by using Section 59 of the Sale of Goods Act. An important portion of this act states that if the appellant ants to claim compensation for any loss occasioned by the non-performance of the contract within the stipulated time and if the appellant accepts performance of the contract, he must issue notice to the respondent of his intention to claim damages.In this situation, the appellant issued the notice to the respondent on 8th December, 1971, which was long prior to the date when the goods were supplied to it and the performance of the contract was accepted by the appellant. Therefore, since the claim was not issued at the time when the appellant accepted the performance of he contract, the appellant is unable to resort to Section 55 of the Contract Act to sustain a claim for damages against the respondent. 3.Whether there was a breach of warranty: Granting for argument sa ke that time was essence of the contract and there was breach of contract by the respondent, even then Section 59 of the Sales of Goods Act cannot be attracted as the definition of â€Å"Condition and Warranty' in Section 12 of the Sales of Goods Act is limited to stipulations in a contract of sale with reference to goods and stipulations with regard to time and other matters is outside the definition f Section 12 of Sales of Goods Act.Pleadings and Authorities 1 . Time is to be considered an essence of the contract: The Counsel for the appellant made its case by stating that time was of essence to this particular situation, and is treated as such for commercial contracts, in reference to two such decisions of the Supreme Court in Inhabit Parkas v. Durra Data and C. C. Exporters v. B. &C. Mills.The appellant wrote to the respondent, requesting for the machinery to be supplied latest by the middle of September, 1971 , and following were the subsequent replies of the respondent showi ng clearly the acknowledgment f the time span, as well as the stipulated deadline. Therefore, the respondent has committed breach of condition of warranty under Section 59 of the Sale of Goods Act, by not supplying the hot mix plant by the middle of September, 1971.The remedy for breach of warranty under the Sale of Goods Act is as follows: (I) Where there is a breach of warranty by the seller, or where the buyer elects or is compelled to treat any breach of a condition on the part of the seller as a breach of warranty, the buyer is not by reason only of such breach of warranty entitled to reject he goods; but he may- (a) set up against the seller the breach of warranty in diminution or extinction of the price, or (b) sue the seller for damages for breach of warranty. It) The fact that a buyer has set up a breach of warranty in diminution or extinction of the price does not prevent him from suing for the same breach of warranty if he has suffered further damage.As per the case made, under the Sale of Goods Act, â€Å"(I)Where there is a breach of warranty by the seller, or where the buyer elects or is compelled to treat any breach of a condition on the part of the seller as a breach of warranty, the buyer is not by season only of such breach of warranty entitled to reject the goods; but he may (a)set up against the seller the breach of warranty in diminution or extinction of the price†, the Counsel for the appellant further contended that the appellant is entitled to claim by way of damages a total sum of RSI. 2,496. Of time: As already stated, the respondent has indicated under Exhibit 8-9 that it will supply the plant in about 3 to 4 months time from the date of receipt of order subject to conditions beyond its control. The appellant placed the order or 31st July, 1971. Three month's time expired on 30th December, 1971.Even before the expiry of the period, the respondent wrote Exhibit A-6 the its associate company had advised that the plant will be re ady for delivery in the middle of November, and it has advised its associate company to pay special attention and expedite delivery of the plant. The respondent again wrote under Exhibit A-7 stating that in view of the go-slow policy adopted by the workers in the factory of its associate company, there was a delay in the manufacture of the plant and it would be supplied before 10th December, 1971.The plant was ultimately delivered to the appellant on 30th January, 1972. Having regard to the time stipulated by the respondent under Exhibit 8-9 and having regard to the difficulties faced by its associate company, the details of which are stated both in Exhibits A-6 and A-9, there is absolutely no difficulty in holding that the respondent has performed the contract within a reasonable time. On a careful perusal of the correspondence between the parties as referred to above, it is seen that no time was fixed for performance of the contract.There was stipulation by the respondent under Ex hibit 8-9 to deliver the plant in about three to four months' time room the date of receipt of order Subject to conditions beyond its control and a suggestion by the appellant under Exhibit A-2 that the point regarding delivery should be brought to the personal notice of Mr.. Cellular and arrangements may be made to supply the plant by the middle of September, 1971. Thus, it can be seen that there was no consensus ad idem regarding the period within which the plant has to be delivered to the appellant.Hence the term reasonable time would signify any which period of time by which the plant has been delivered provided there is no delay due to circumstances arising because of inefficiency of the respondent. . Whether the appellant is not entitled to claim full amount for damages The appellant wished to claim set off for the sum of RSI. 12,496, under the following counts: 3. 1 For the first count the appellant asked to claim RSI. 2,000 being the cost of 12 volt electrical starter equipm ent, complete with battery.The trial Court allowed a sum of RSI. 500 under this count, while referring to the Sale of Goods Act where if there is a breach of warranty by the seller, or where the buyer elects or is compelled to treat any breach of a condition on the part of the seller as a breach of warranty, he buyer is not by reason only of such breach of warranty entitled to reject the goods; but he may set up against the seller the breach of warranty in diminution or extinction of the price. 3. The other three claims made by the appellant were denied on the basis of the Contract Act, under Section 55, where if the appellant wants to claim compensation for any loss occasioned by the non-performance of the contract within the stipulated time and if the appellant accepts performance of the contract, he must issue notice to the respondent of his intention to claim damages. It is therefore clear that if the appellant wants to claim damages by resorting to Section 55 of the Contract Ac t he must issue a notice to the respondent of his intention to claim damages at the time when he accepts performance of the contract.In the instant case, the goods were delivered to the appellant only on 30th January, 1972. The appellant issued its writing to the respondent on 8th December, 1971, which was long prior to the date when the goods were supplied to it and the performance of the contract was accepted by the appellant. Since the issue was not made at the time when the appellant accepted the reference of the contract, the appellant cannot resort to Section 55 of the Contract Act to sustain a claim for damages against the respondent.The next question for consideration is whether under Section 59 of the Sale of Goods Act, it is open to the appellant to treat any breach of a condition on the part of the respondent as breach of warranty and set up against the respondent the breach of warranty in diminution of the price. We have already held that time is not the essence of contr act and there is no breach of condition on the part of the respondent.Even granting for argument's sake that time was essence of the contract ND there was a breach of condition by the respondent, even then Section 59 of the Sale of Goods Act, cannot be attracted, as the definition of â€Å"condition and warranty† in Section 12 of the Sale of Goods Act is limited to stipulations in a contract of sale with reference to goods and stipulations with regard to time and other matters are outside the definition contained in Section 12 of Sale of Goods Act. Section 59 of the Sale of Goods Act states that – 12.Condition and warranty. – (1) A stipulation in a contract of sale with reference to goods which are the subject thereof may be a condition or a warranty. 2) A condition is a stipulation essential to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to a right to treat the contract as repudiated. (3) A warranty is a stipulation collateral to the main p urpose of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to a claim for damages but not to a right to reject the goods and treat the contract as repudiated. 4) Whether a stipulation in a contract of sale is a condition or a warranty depends in each case on the construction of the contract. A stipulation may be a condition, though called a warranty in the contract. It can be noted that section 59 is not applicable as this contract is not stipulated by time or any other such conditions except that it should be completed in reasonable time. Hence it falls outside of the definition of the act and there is no breach of CASE ANALYSIS The C. V.George and Company vs. Marshall Sons case, is one of appellate Jurisdiction in the High Court as a result of a previous case filed by Marshall Sons against C. V. George and Company. The trial court came to the conclusion that C. V. George and Company was entitled to receive a claim of only RSI. 500 as opposed to their former claim for RSI. 12,496. It r uled in favor of Marshall Sons by announcing a decree for a sum of RSI. 12,096 at 6% interest per annum, from 27th January till the date of plaint and proportionate costs. Aggrieved by this Judgment of the trial court, C. V George and Company filed an appeal in the Madras High Court.The learned counsel for the appellant relied major on the fact that time is of the essence in commercial contracts and that by failing to meet the deadline, Marshall Sons have breached an important condition of the contract and under Section 59 of the Sale of Goods Act, it is open to the appellant to treat a breach of condition as breach of warranty and set p against the respondent the breach of warranty in diminution of the price. The appellant also stated that this entitled it to claim damages under four counts and those amounts should go in diminution of the price claimed by the respondent for the supply of the hot mix plant.After careful consideration, it was clear to the court that there was no actu al consensus between the parties regarding the time of the delivery. C. V. George and Company expected to receive the plant by mid September whereas Marshall Sons spoke about supplying the plant within 3-4 months after the interact was signed ( 31st July, 1971). Marshall Sons later said that due to the ‘go slow policy adopted by the workers, they wouldn't be able to supply it earlier than what they had committed. No objections were raised by C. V George and Company.The plant was finally delivered on 30th January, 1972. We see that, due to the fact that there was no proper agreement about the time between the two parties, Marshall Sons have a stronger case as the court ruled that time was not of the essence for this contract. Keeping in mind all the obstacles faced by Marshall Sons in the delivery of his plant and the stipulated time of 3-4 months the court ruled that the plant was delivered within a reasonable time frame. The case for Marshall Sons Just gets stronger as the co ntractor isn't entitled to make a claim for damages.If the appellant wants to claim damages by resorting to Section 55 of the Contract Act he must issue a notice to the respondent of his intention to claim damages at the time when he accepts performance of the contract which was not done in this case. Further, under section 59 of the Sale of Goods Act, the appellant can treat any breach of a condition n the part of the respondent as a breach of warranty in diminution of the price but this cannot be used in the favor of the appellant in this case.It has already been established that time was not an essence of contract in this case. Section 12 of the Sale of Goods Act states that the condition of warranty is limited to stipulations in a contract of sale with reference to goods and stipulations with regard to time and other matters are outside the definition contained in that section. As a result, the High Court of Madras confirmed the trial and decree of the trial court. C. V. George ND Company had to make the payment they owed and would receive only RSI. 00 for one of their claims. Marshall Sons had a stronger case to present in both, the Trial Court as well as the High Court.

Definig Terrorrism and victims of terrorism Essay

Definig Terrorrism and victims of terrorism - Essay Example Resolution 1267 was passed in 1999 and related to sanctioning the Taliban. In 2000, the Swiss Federal Council implemented Resolution 1267 by passing the Taliban Ordinance. Resolution 1333 was passed by the UN Security Council in 2000 and expanded sanctions against the Taliban to include Al-Qaeda members. The expanded sanctions required the appointed UN Sanctions Committee to coordinate intelligence from states of any individual or party that might have connections with Al-Qaeda or its leader Osama bin Laden. In 2001, the Swiss government implemented Resolution 1333 and included a provision prohibiting entrance or transit via Switzerland of any person or party covered by the Resolution.3 In October 2001 the Swiss Federal Prosecutor commenced an investigation of Nada, an Egyptian and Italian national living in Switzerland.4 The following month in November 2001, Nada together with others linked to him were included on the list maintained by the Sanctions Committee and were listed by vir tue of the Swiss Taliban Ordinance. ... In November 2002, Nada was arrested and deployed to Italy and his funds were confiscated. In the meantime, Nada’s border permit applicable to Switzerland was revoked.5 In March 2004, Nada applied to the Swiss immigration officials for permission to travel to Switzerland for medical care and to commence legal action but his application was denied. In May 2005, the Federal Prosecutor dropped the investigation of Nada on the grounds that the claims could not be substantiated. As a result, Nada requested that his name be removed from the list maintained by the Taliban Ordinance. However, the request was denied by the Federal Council on the grounds that since Nada remained listed by the UN Sanctions Committee, he could not be removed from the list maintained by Switzerland. Thus it was not until 2009 when Nada was removed from the Sanctions Committee list that his name was removed from the annex to the Taliban Ordinance. Nevertheless, Nada filed a complaint under Article 8 (protect ion of privacy and family life), Article 13 (entitlements to effective remedies) and Article 5 (security and liberty rights and a decision relative to detention without delay) of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 (ECHR).6 The ECtHR found that despite the fact that aliens were not guaranteed free access to foreign borders and that the threat of terrorism was particularly high when Nada was listed, there were vitiating circumstances and facts supporting Nada’s claim that his right to privacy and access to family life under Article 8 had been violated. To begin with, Nada had been confined to an enclave in Switzerland’s territory effectively cutting him off from contact with everyone else. Moreover, Nada’s health and age would be taken into account in determining violation of

Make a research paper about two different types of application softare

Make a about two different types of application softare (exclude microsoft office softwares) - Research Paper Example Specifically, an application software provides the end-user with the capability to manipulate text, graphics, or even audio and video files. Different types of application software include Word Processing Software, Database Software, Spreadsheet Software, Multimedia Software, Presentation Software, Enterprise Software, Information Worker Software, Educational Software, Simulation Software, and Content Access Software. This paper will discuss specifically about Firefox and SAP, two application software that are widely used in their respective fields and industries. Firefox Firefox is a web browser application software that falls under the category of content access software. As its name implies, content access software allow users to access content with or without editing allowed (Bell 107). These kinds of software are primarily applied on platforms where a user is required to share content among a group of other users. Examples of content access applications are media players, web br owsers, and computer games. These software facilitate the access and use of digital content and allows the user to access and use these content with other users as well. Web browsers, specifically, are among the most widely used content access software as they allow people to request for, access, and even show information and yet many other applications through the internet (Miller, Vandome and McBrewster 10). As a web browser, Firefox provides users with access to information resources, which may be in the form of a web page, an image, a video, or some other content. According to founder Blake Ross, Firefox is an open source (i. e., free) web browser application that he created together with other developers because he wanted to minimize popup ads and other software applications that inflicted earlier web browsers (1). It descended from the Mozilla Application Suite, and features tabbed browsing, spell-checking, bookmarking, and downloading, aside from its basic web browser feature s (Gross 634). Most open-source software are usually plagued by their limited capabilities and applicable platforms. However, Firefox is able to run on a number of operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Currently, Firefox is the second leading web browser application next to Internet Explorer. SAP Software SAP, which stands for Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing, is an enterprise software used by many businesses today. Enterprise software respond to the needs of organizational processes and data flows (Bell 107). Enterprise software are meant to solve problems of the whole enterprise rather just of a specific department. Such systems are often costly and are thus available only to large scale enterprises. Moreover, these software are customized to fit the system of the entire business organization. As such, SAP is responsible for performing a number of departmental functions (oftentimes, the enterprise’s entire IT system is rooted on thi s software), for example, order processing, procurement, production scheduling, customer information management, and accounting (Oak). Thus, as an enterprise software, SAP is hosted on a number of servers and caters to a large number of users at the same time. This is usually done over a computer network, a feature that is in contrast with other lone-user application that runs on a user’s PC, catering to only one user at a time. It should likewise be noted that SAP is an ERP or

ART 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ART 2 - Essay Example This paper shall briefly discuss the concept of iconography. Moreover, iconographic evaluation shall also be done on two kings of Mesopotamia and Egypt who represented their culture. Iconography is that study of art that interprets meanings and purpose behind art pieces. The study also deals with the broader understanding of symbols that beholds mysterious and encrypted messages. Iconographers evaluate different content presented in the form of art such as paintings, sculptures etc (Kleiner & Mamiya, 2010). On evaluation of images of Egyptian king, it can be observed that they were always presented surrounded by feminine. This represented Egyptian culture and structure of Egyptian kingdom. It was not known until the iconographers compared all the art pieces of Egyptian king. It was observed that sculptors were made in order to reflect the prestige of kings. Also, iconography helped in understanding that Egyptian kings were drawn after their deaths because that kept them alive in the memories of people. This resulted as an addition of their family prestige and their kingship (Kleiner & Mamiya, 2010). For instance, the image selected for iconographic evaluation of Egyptian king represents Seti I as being welcomed by a Goddess.

Understanding the concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Understanding the concepts - Essay Example And, thus, it ultimately assists the management to arrive at a decision. 2. According to Whittington and Delaney (2010), the primary benefit of the debt financing is that it allows the firm owners to retain full power and control over their business dealings (p.220). Debt financing does not involve complex reporting processes and, therefore, it is easy to administer. In contrast, this concept would not be beneficial for small businesses as they may find difficulty in obtaining access to potential financial sources. In addition, it would be an uneasy task for small firms to make regular monthly interest payments. Generally, organizations tend to issue stocks rather than bonds to generate funds because bonds are just debt securities while the stock is a capital asset. More precisely, bond issue would further contribute to the firm’s liability as compared to stock issue. 3. According to Harle, Luders, Pepanides, Pfetsch, Poppensieker, & Stegemann (2010), safer investments or investments having the least uncertainty may generate lower average returns, whereas investments having more uncertainty or risky investments would bring higher average returns. Hence, the level of risk a firm takes can have a great influence on its volume of revenues. Thus, financial returns are related to risk. 4. â€Å"Beta† is the blended, overall return of a particular asset type, which may be divided further by market, sector or some other organization, such as size† (Fraser-Sampson, 2011, p.164). In other words, it is the tool used for measuring and comparing the volatility of a security or portfolio against the market as a whole. â€Å"Beta† is computed by using regressions analysis. The â€Å"beta† higher than 1 indicates that the security’s price will be more volatile, while the â€Å"beta† less than 1 indicates a less volatile price compared to the market as a

Third-party consultant to perform a penetration test Term Paper

Third-party consultant to perform a penetration test - Term Paper Example This poses a threat to the ability of the organization to protect their secret information and other essential information that should not be exposure to the public or unauthorized persons. The most commonly deployed security systems include anti-virus software, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. The organizations and institutions are interested in securing their information systems in order to protect some of the vital information and contents that are restricted to non-executive members of the firm. However, this is not very effective as these institutions are faced with the task of ensuring proper information security. It is reported that most organization incurs losses because their security systems are hacked and critical details of the organization exposure to the competitors and enemies. This therefore lowers the ability of the organization to excel and protects its key information systems. The business community is not spared too. Hackers pose a great security threat to the secrecy of information of organizations and the business community. ... ically a method in which the security of a network and the computers that are involved in the network are evaluated so as to determine the degree of security on the network or the strength of the response to the breach of the security. It is also referred to as a pentest which is a short form of the term in full. A penetration test is conducted by simulating an attack to the system from either external or internal threats, or both, on a network or a computer system (Allen, 2012). It is therefore evident that penetration testing is vital for ABC Company which has high presence in the internet. In the present day, the world is indeed a global village and due to the fact that information is power, every organization endeavors to protect its information from people who would go to any length to obtain information from an organization. Organizations and institutions use penetration test as a way of identifying the weakness and vulnerabilities of their security and network systems and maki ng necessary protection measures. The penetration test entails the application of attacking methods that are conducted by professional who are entrusted with the organization’s essential information. However, the same attacking systems are used by the hackers and hostile intruders, hence posing more threat to the organization following the fact that such information are very sensitive to be exposed. Depending on the nature and type of the penetration test to be conducted, the entire security building process entails IP address scan in order to assist in the identification process of machines used in the offering of the system information and other services with known degree of vulnerability and further exploiting the existence of any unpatched operation system that may also be vulnerable

The Medieval World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Medieval World - Essay Example In the first image, the house of the Aristocrats is a well decorated house made of bricks; the house of the Aristocrats looks like a castle. This fact shows that the Aristocrats in the medieval Europe were rich and were able to afford houses made of bricks. This means that the life of the Aristocrats in medieval Europe was a life of comfort because the brick houses were able to protect the medieval Europeans from the adverse cold weather of Europe, especially during the winter. On the contrary, a look at the peasant’s houses in the second image shows simple houses made of timber. In the peasants’ image, the house in which three women are sitting is clearly a simple house made of timber. This fact shows that, unless the aristocrats who were able to afford building expensive brick houses, the peasants were not able to afford such houses. This fact shows that the life of the peasants in medieval Europe was a life of poverty and difficult life. Given the cold weather of Europe, especially, in winter, it must have been very difficult for the peasants to survive in such extremely cold seasons. From the first image, we see that the Aristocrats are elaborately dressed with long flowing clothes. All the Aristocrats also have their heads covered with sumptuous headgears. The headgears were most probably meant to keep off the sun in summer. All the Aristocrats are dressed with long clothes with ornately decorated cloaks; the cloaks seem to be made of either silver or silk because they are shiny. This fact again shows that the Aristocrats in medieval Europe lived a life of affluence. The fact that the Aristocrats were able to afford expensive clothing means that they were stinking rich. This fact, again, means that the Aristocrats in medieval Europe loved fine things in life. An analysis of the clothing of the peasants, on the other, hand shows that the peasants dressed in simple clothes. In the peasants’ image, we find that the women peasants are

Apoptosis - Short Essay Essay Example for Free

Apoptosis Short Essay Essay Kerr, Wyllie, and Currie first used the term apoptosis in a paper in 1972 to describe a morphologically distinct form of cell death, although certain components of the apoptosis concept had been described years previously. Our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the process of apoptosis in mammalian cells transpired from the investigation of programmed cell death that occurs during the development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Horvitz, 1999). In this organism 1090 somatic cells are generated in the formation of the adult worm, of which 131 of these cells undergo apoptosis or â€Å"programmed cell death. † These 131 cells die at particular points during the development process, which is invariant between worms, demonstrating the accuracy and control in this system. Apoptosis has been recognized and accepted as an important mode of â€Å"programmed† cell death, which involves the genetically determined elimination of cells. However, there is other forms of programmed cell death have been described and other forms of programmed cell death may yet be discovered Apoptosis occurs normally during development and aging and as a homeostatic mechanism to maintain cell populations in tissues. Apoptosis also occurs as a defense mechanism such as in immune reactions or when disease or noxious agents damage cells. Although there are a wide variety of stimuli and conditions, both physiological and pathological, that can trigger apoptosis, not all cells will necessarily die in response to the same stimulus. Irradiation or drugs used for cancer chemotherapy results in DNA damage in some cells, which can lead to apoptotic death through a p53-dependent pathway. Some hormones, may lead to apoptotic death in some cells although other cells are unaffected or even stimulated. Some cells express Fas or TNF receptors that can lead to apoptosis via ligand binding and protein cross-linking. Other cells have a default death pathway that must be blocked by a survival factor such as a hormone or growth factor. There is also the issue of distinguishing apoptosis from necrosis, two processes that can occur independently, sequentially, as well as simultaneously (Zeiss, 2003). In some cases it’s the type of stimuli and/or the degree of stimuli that determines if cells die by apoptosis or necrosis. At low doses, a variety of injurious stimuli such as heat, radiation,  hypoxia and cytotoxic anticancer drugs can induce apoptosis but these same stimuli can result in necrosis at higher doses. Finally, apoptosis is a coordinated and often energy-dependent process that involves the activation of a group of cysteine proteases called â€Å"caspases† and a complex cascade of events that link the initiating stimuli to the final demise of the cell Loss of contro l of apoptosis may result in disease. Excessive apoptosis is implicated in AIDS and Alzheimers disease and insufficient apoptosis may lead to cancer. Morphology of Apoptosis Light and electron microscopy have identified the various morphological changes that occur during apoptosis. During the early process of apoptosis, cell shrinkage and pyknosis are visible by light microscopy. With cell shrinkage, the cells are smaller in size, the cytoplasm is dense and the organelles are more tightly packed. Pyknosis is the result of chromatin condensation. On examination with hematoxylin and eosin stain, apoptosis involves single cells or small clusters of cells. The apoptotic cell appears as a round/oval mass. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs followed by karyorrhexis and separation of cell fragments into apoptotic bodies during a process called â€Å"budding.† Apoptotic bodies consist of cytoplasm with tightly packed organelles with or without a nuclear fragment. The organelle integrity is maintained and all of this is enclosed within an intact plasma membrane. These bodies are subsequently phagocytosed by macrophages, or neoplastic cells and degraded within phagolysosomes. Macrophages that engulf and digest apoptotic cells are called â€Å"tingible body macrophages† and are found within the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles or within the thymic cortex. There is no inflammatory reaction with the process of apoptosis nor with the removal of apoptotic cells because: (1) apoptotic cells do not release their cellular constituents into the surrounding interstitial tissue; (2) they are quickly phagocytosed by surrounding cells thus likely preventing secondary necrosis; and, (3) the engulfing cells do not produce anti-inflammatory cytokines. Distinguishing Apoptosis from Necrosis The alternative to apoptotic cell death is necrosis, which is considered to be a toxic process where the cell is a passive victim and follows an energy independent mode of death. Oncosis is used to describe a process that leads to necrosis with karyolysis and cell swelling whereas apoptosis leads to cell death with cell shrinkage, pyknosis, and karyorrhexis. Although the mechanisms and morphologies of apoptosis and necrosis differ, there is overlap between these two processes. Necrosis and apoptosis represent morphologic expressions of a shared biochemical network described as the â€Å"apoptosis-necrosis continuum† .For example, two factors that will convert an ongoing apoptotic process into a necrotic process include a decrease in the availability of caspases and intracellular ATP Whether a cell dies by necrosis or apoptosis depends in part on the nature of the cell death signal, the tissue type, the developmental stage of the tissue and the physiologic milieu (Zeiss, 2003). It is not always easy to distinguish apoptosis from necrosis, they can occur simultaneously depending on factors such as the intensity and duration of there stimulus, the extent of ATP depletion and the availability of caspases (Zeiss, 2003). Necrosis is an uncontrolled and passive process that usually affects large fields of cells whereas apoptosis is controlled and energy-dependent and can affect individual or clusters of cells. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins, or trauma that result unregulated digestion of cell components Some of the major morphological changes that occur with necrosis include cell swelling; formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles; distended endoplasmic reticulum; formation of cytoplasmic blebs; condensed, swollen or ruptured mitochondria; disaggregation and detachment of ribosomes; disrupted organelle membranes; swollen and ruptured lysosomes; and eventually disruption of the cell membrane. This loss of cell membrane results in the release of the cytoplasmic contents into the surrounding tissue, sending chemotatic signals with eventual recruitment of inflammatory cells. Because apoptotic cells do not release their cellular constituents into the  surrounding tissue and are quickly phagocytosed by macrophages or normal cells, there is essentially no inflammatory reaction. It is also important to note that pyknosis and karyorrhexis are not exclusive to apoptosis (Kurosaka et al., 2003). Mechanisms of Apoptosis The mechanisms of apoptosis are highly complex involving an energy dependent cascade of molecular events. Research indicates that there are two main apoptotic pathways: the extrinsic or death receptor pathway and the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway. However, there is now evidence that the two pathways are linked and that molecules in one pathway can influence the other. There is an additional pathway that involves T-cell mediated cytotoxicity and perforin-granzyme dependent killing of the cell. The perforin/granzyme pathway can induce apoptosis via either granzyme B or granzyme A. The extrinsic, intrinsic, and granzyme B pathways converge on the same execution pathway. This pathway is initiated by the cleavage of caspase-3 and results in DNA fragmentation, degradation of cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins, crosslinking of proteins, formation of apoptotic bodies, expression of ligands for phagocytic cell receptors and finally uptake by phagocytic cells. Caspases have proteolytic activity and are able to cleave proteins at aspartic acid residues, although different caspases have different specificities involving recognition of neighboring amino acids. Once caspases are initially activated, there seems to be an irreversible commitment towards cell death. To date, ten major caspases have been identified and broadly categorized into initiators (caspase-2,-8,-9,-10), effectors or executioners (caspase-3,-6,-7) and inflammatory caspases (caspase-1,-4,-5). Caspase-11, which is reported to regulate apoptosis and cytokine maturation during septic shock, caspase-14, which is highly expressed in embryonic tissues but not in adult tissues . Extensive protein cross-linking is another characteristic of apoptotic cells and is achieved through the expression and activation of tissue transglutaminase. Another feature is the expression of cell surface markers that result in the early phagocytic recognition of apoptotic cells by adjacent cells, permitting  quick phagocytosis with minimal compromise to the surrounding tissue. This is achieved by the movement of the normal inward-facing phosphatidylserine of the cell’s lipid bilayer to expression on the outer layers of the plasma membrane. Externalization of phosphatidylserine is a well-known recognition ligand for phagocytes on the surface of the apoptotic cell. PATHWAYS Extrinsic Pathway—The extrinsic signaling pathways that initiate apoptosis involve transmembrane receptor-mediated interactions. These involve death receptors that are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene superfamily. Members of the TNF receptor family share similar cyteine-rich extracellular domains and have a cytoplasmic domain of about 80 amino acids called the â€Å"death domain†. This death domain plays a critical role in transmitting the death signal from the cell surface to the intracellular signaling pathways.The sequence of events that define the extrinsic phase of apoptosis are best characterized with the FasL/FasR and TNF-ÃŽ ±/TNFR1 models. In these models, there is clustering of receptors and binding with the homologous trimeric ligand. Upon ligand binding, cytoplasmic adapter proteins are recruited which exhibit corresponding death domains that bind with the receptors. The binding of Fas ligand to Fas receptor results in the binding of the adapter protein FADD and the binding of TNF ligand to TNF receptor results in the binding of the adapter protein TRADD with recruitment of FADD and RIP. FADD then associates with procaspase-8 via dimerization of the death effector domain. At this point, a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) is formed, resulting in the auto-catalytic activation of procaspase-8 . Once caspase-8 is activated, the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. Death receptor mediated apoptosis can be inhibited by a protein called c-FLIP which will bind to FADD and caspase-8, rendering them ineffective. Another point of potential apoptosis regulation involves a protein called Toso, which shows to block Fas-induced apoptosis in T cells via inhibition of caspase-8 processing . Intrinsic Pathway—The intrinsic signaling pathways that initiate apoptosis involve a diverse array of non-receptor-mediated stimuli that produce  intracellular signals that act directly on targets within the cell and are mitochondrial-initiated events. The stimuli that initiate the intrinsic pathway produce intracellular signals that may act in either a positive or negative fashion. Negative signals involve the absence of certain growth factors, hormones and cytokines that can lead to failure of suppression of death programs, thereby triggering apoptosis. In other words, there is the withdrawal of factors, loss of apoptotic suppression, and subsequent activation of apoptosis. Other stimuli that act in a positive fashion include, but are not limited to, radiation, toxins, hypoxia, hyperthermia, viral infections, and free radicals. All of these stimuli cause changes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that results in an opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and release of two main groups of normally sequestered pro-apoptotic proteins from the intermembrane space into the cytosol. The first group consists of cytochrome c, Smac/DIABLO, and the serine protease HtrA2/Omi. These proteins activate the caspase dependent mitochondrial pathway. Cytochrome c binds and activates Apaf-1 as well as procaspase-9, forming an â€Å"apoptosome† The clustering of procaspase-9 leads to caspase-9 activation. Smac/DIABLO and HtrA2/Omi are reported to promote apoptosis by inhibiting IAP activity. Additional mitochondrial proteins interact with and suppress the action of IAP The second group of pro-apoptotic proteins, AIF, endonuclease G and CAD, are released from the mitochondria during apoptosis, but this is a late event that occurs after the cell has committed to die. AIF translocate to the nucleus and causes DNA fragmentation and condensation of peripheral nuclear chromatin. This early form of nuclear condensation is referred to as â€Å"stage I† condensation. Endonuclease G also translocates to the nucleus where it cleaves nuclear chromatin to produce oligonucleosomal DNA fragments. AIF and endonuclease G both function in a caspase-independent manner. CAD is released from the mitochondria and translocates to the nucleus where, after cleavage by caspase-3, it leads to oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and a more pronounced and advanced chromatin condensation. This later and more  pronounced chromatin condensation is referred to as â€Å"stage II†condensation The control and regulation of these apoptotic mitochondrial events occurs through members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins .The tumor suppressor protein p53 has a critical role in regulation of the Bcl-2 family of proteins.The Bcl-2 family of proteins governs mitochondrial membrane permeability and can be either pro-apoptotic or antiapoptotic. 25 genes have been identified in the Bcl-2 family. Some of the anti-apoptotic proteins include Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bcl-XL, Bcl-XS and some of the pro-apoptotic proteins include Bcl-10, Bax, Bad, Bim, and Blk. These proteins can determine if the cell commits to apoptosis or aborts the process. It is thought that the main mechanism of action of the Bcl-2 family of proteins is the regulation of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Mitochondrial damage in the Fas pathway of apoptosis is mediated by the caspase-8 cleavage of Bid. This is one example of the â€Å"cross-talk† between the death-receptor (extrinsic) pathway and the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway. Serine phosphorylation of Bad is associated with 14-3-3, a member of a family of multifunctional phosphoserine binding molecules. When Bad is phosphorylated, it is trapped by 14-3-3 and sequestered in the cytosol but once Bad is unphosphorylated, it will translocate to the mitochondria to release cytochrome C. Bad can also heterodimerize with Bcl-Xl or Bcl-2, neutralizing their protective effect and promoting cell death When not sequestered by Bad, both Bcl-2 and BclXl inhibit the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria. Reports indicate that Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL inhibit apoptotic death primarily by controlling the activation of caspase proteases. An additional protein designated â€Å"Aven† appears to bind both Bcl-Xl and Apaf-1, thereby preventing activation of procaspase-9. Puma and Noxa are two members of the Bcl2 family that are also involved in pro-apoptosis. Puma plays an important role in p53-mediated apoptosis. It was shown that, in vitro, overexpression of Puma is accompanied by increased BAX expression, BAX conformational change, translocation to the  mitochondria, cytochrome c release and reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Noxa is also a mediator of p53-induced apoptosis. Studies show that this protein can localize to the mitochondria and interact with anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, resulting in the activation of caspase-9. Caspase-3 is the most important of the executioner caspases and is activated by any of the initiator caspases (caspase-8, caspase-9, or caspase-10). Caspase-3 specifically activates the endonuclease CAD. In proliferating cells CAD is complexed with its inhibitor, ICAD. In apoptotic cells, activated caspase-3 cleaves ICAD to release CAD. CAD then degrades chromosomal DNA within the nuclei and causes chromatin condensation. Caspase-3 also induces cytoskeletal reorganization and disintegration of the cell into apoptotic bodies. Gelsolin, an actin binding protein, has been identified as one of the key substrates of activated caspase-3. Caspase-3 will cleave gelsolin and the cleaved fragments of gelsolin, in turn, cleave actin filaments in a calcium independent manner. This results in disruption of the cytoskeleton, intracellular transport, cell division, and signal transduction. Phagocytic uptake of apoptotic cells is the last component of apoptosis. Phospholipid asymmetry and externalization of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic cells and their fragments is the hallmark of this phase. The mechanism of phosphatidylserine translocation to the outer leaflet of the cell during apoptosis has been associated with loss of aminophospholipid translocase activity and nonspecific flip-flop of phospholipids of various classes. Research indicates that Fas, caspase-8, and caspase-3 are involved in the regulation of phosphatidylserine externalization on oxidatively stressed erythrocytes however caspase-independent phosphatidylserine exposure occurs during apoptosis of primary T lymphocytes. The appearance of phosphotidylserine on the outer leaflet of apoptotic cells then facilitates noninflammatory phagocytic recognition, allowing for their early uptake and disposal.This process of early and efficient uptake with no  release of cellular constituents, results in no inflammatory response. (Fadok et al., 2001). The process for apoptosis, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms. Apoptosis is considered a vital component of various processes including normal cell turnover, proper development and functioning of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development and chemical-induced cell death. Inappropriate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is a factor in many human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer. Excessive apoptosis results in diseases such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease. Cancer is an example where the normal mechanisms of cell cycle regulation are dysfunctional, with either an over proliferation of cells and/or decreased removal of cells. Tumor cells can acquire resistance to apoptosis by the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 or by the down-regulation or mutation of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax. The expression of both Bcl-2 and Bax is regulated by the p53 tumor suppressor gene Alterations of various cell signaling pathways can result in dysregulation of apoptosis and lead to cancer. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is a transcription factor that regulates the cell cycle and is the most widely mutated gene in human tumorigenesis. The critical role of p53 is evident by the fact that it is mutated in over 50% of all human cancers. p53 can activate DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage, can hold the cell cycle at the G1/S regulation point on DNA damage recognition, and can initiate apoptosis if the DNA damage proves to be irreparable. Tumorigenesis can occur if this system goes awry. If the p53 gene is damaged, then tumor suppression is severely reduced. The p53 gene can be damaged by radiation, various chemicals, and viruses.

Personal Characteristics Of Counselors

Personal Characteristics Of Counselors The objective of this research paper is to discuss the personal attributes that are required in a physically and emotionally healthy counselor. A healthy counselor has a positive effect on his or her client. The field of counseling is becoming significant part of peoples life. This paper establishes its basis on the conflict of values of counselor and its effects. Another important aspect of the paper is to research about consequence of counselors-in-training interacting with clients prior to their masters level training. It will highlight the consequences of engaging in practice prior to the training and its effect on capability of handling the clients issues and queries. This could also lead to issues with the credibility of the counselor. These aspects are studied through literature and case studies done by other writers. Different researches conducted in the past are the major source of information. Foundation of this paper is based on the personal characteristics that a counselo r should possess and their values. Personal Characteristic of Counselors Counseling is about giving advice and guiding the clients through their difficult times. It relates to the mental health and emotional state of the client. People seek counseling for their careers, jobs, relationships, addictions and general issues of their lives. Counseling is usually used as a synonym for psychotherapy. When in difficult times family and friends are unable to help someone, they seek for guidance, strength and answers from their counselor. Counseling is practices in sessions of an hour or so for once or twice in a week. Counselor and client both play vital roles in the recovery of client. Counselors expertise will be of no use if client does not fully share his or her problem. So, both have to be supportive and persistent while conducting these sessions. Counseling is a field that requires patience, rational thinking and empathy. Counselors make a difference in the lives of other people. It is important for a counselor to feel empathy for the client. As Guidon (2010)describes, a sympathetic person wants to solve the issue him/herself but a person who feels empathy does not mix clients problem with their own. Counselors lead a demanding life. Their clients require not only their time and advice but also trust and care. Therefore, a counselor needs to have very specific qualities in their personality in order to provide effective service to their clients. Other than the obvious personal abilities like interpersonal skills, counselors require many personality traits to be effective and efficient. Corey (2009) says that there are many characteristics of counselors which seem unrealistic but these are equally essential for any counselor. Before giving advice to clients, a counselor him/herself needs to be sure of their capabilities. Since rity and honesty are very important in this field. A counselor needs to be observant, active listener, interviewing, influential and focused. The effective councilor also requires a sound knowledge of theory and ability to put theory into practice (Gregoire Jungers, 2007). Corey (2009) states that it is very important for effective counselor to maintain healthy boundaries, this way they should be able to maintain a balance between their personal and professional lives. Corey also concluded from his research that counselor should have a good sense of humor in order to lighten the mood. Guindon (2010)believes that clients give a counselor many non-tangible gifts like trust, care and confidence. Corey (2009) also says that the relationship of client and counselor helps both parties. Consolers learn how to admit their mistakes and become open to change in their lives. McLoead (2011)discusses the qualities of people who are drawn to the field of counseling. Usually people who become counselors believe that relationships are the most important aspect of human life. They are also firm believers in the values that prove the worth of people and they are clear about their role in society and their future goals. Another most important personal trait of counselor is to be honest and keep the privacy of patient. It is their moral and professional obligation. Values and its Confilcts Values are the standard held by people about what is desired, proper and acceptable. It gives people a criterion of standards for shaping their lives. Both personal and professional values are important. Personal values affect the way of interaction with the client. Personal values of a consoler are developed as he/she grows up; they depend upon the upbringing and culture in which the counselor spends most of the time. Personal values include honesty, truth, helping others, doing meaningful work and positive influence on others (Corey, 2009). There is always a chance that the personal values of a counselor conflicts with the work values. Busacca (2010) tells that personal values conflict with the work values. If a counselor has a personal belief that a terminally ill person should have the right to end their lives; however, he cannot impose this thinking on anyone else. Studies show that counselors, while training, question their self-concepts with those requires for their field of w ork. Counselors have appeared to be molding themselves in their professional values after certain period of time. They have to create their own boundaries in which they want to practice. Research (Sanders, 2003) shows that cultural difference between client and counselor can have a major impact on the relationship and therapy. The personal biases on either side can result in failure of professional values and ethics. High level of sincerity can reduce the cultural barrier among client and counselor. The counselor has to have a non-judgmental attitude towards the client regardless of his/her personal values. Campbel Christopher (2012)also say that the counselor has to be physically, mentally, emotionally and cognitively on the same level with the client at all times. Mostly, counselors have to deal with grief counseling for their clients. Counselors, who are more self-aware and comfortable in sharing their feelings, are more efficient and effective at their work (Ober, Granello, Wheaton, 2012). Professional values determine the role of a person in organization and the ability of balancing work and family. Work values of counselor include taking responsibility, empathies, develop counseling style, share responsibility with client and tolerate ambiguity. The common issues where conflict of values occurs are religion, sexual orientation and someones right to die. Serious consequences might occur as a result of these conflicts (Guindon, 2010). We can conclude that personal values of counselors can conflict with the professional values. However, strong personal values will work in favor of the counselors. A counselor with strong moral and ethical values will have a positive influence on the clients. Whereas if a counselor doesnt practice honesty, integrity and privacy of others than he or she is more likely to face difficulty in understanding a client with strong moral values. Although a counselor cannot impose their personal values on clients but they can have a very positive effect in influencing and helping the client in their difficult times. If there is a strong disagreement between the values then it might result in referral to another counselor but most of the times this conflict can be resolved with cold-mindedness and rational thinking. Trainee Counselor Survey (Busacca, Beebe, Toman, 2010) shows that practicing counselors show matured level of values than trainee counselors. Yager Tovar-Blank (2007) also comment that counseling is a profession which is very stressful, tiring and with constant threat of fatigue and burn out. Trainee counselors do not completely practice cognitive counseling and usually under their instructors influence. For students of counseling it is very important to learn the wellness of the client and themselves. The curriculum has to be designed in such a way that they are completely aware of this idea and its implications. Grief counseling is a very important aspect of psychotherapy. If the trainees indulge themselves in practice before understanding the importance of wellness, skill and knowledge required for grief counseling, they are bound to miss lead the client. Without the masters level training, the trainee counselors are not fully prepared to help the client and understand the delicate nature of the job. At this level, trainees themselves are in conflict with requirements of their profession and their personal moral and ethical values and beliefs (Ober, Granello, Wheaton, 2012). Statistics by Gaubatz Vera (2006)show that only 4-5% trainees enrolled in master or doctoral program are prevalent than those in undergraduate level. Statistic also shows that only 10% of students enrolled in maters program are suitable for the field of counseling. However, Woodside (2007) says that it is better for trainee counselors to interact with the clients. But, this interaction should be under the guidance of a practicing professional counselor. Internships are a very effective way of learning by example. Yager Tovar-Blank, 2007 (2007) on the other hand is of the opinion that if an emotionally unstable student is enrolled in counseling program then the course should be deigned in such a way that it should enlighten the student and make him self-aware. If such a student practices before being properly trained, he will not be able to understand the client and might make the situation worse of the client. The research (Woodside, Oberman, Cole, Carruth, 2007) shows that the student of undergraduate level is not fully matures and trained. Most of them show signs of anxiety and confusion about converting theory into practice. Those who feel confident are not fully trained and hence experience disanointed clients and they themselves become more confused. There are three basic stages of counselors professional development including the helper, the beginning student and the advanced student. Passing through various techniques and training, trainees reach the next level of their professional development. Another research (Busacca, Beebe, Toman, 2010) shows that at training level counselors-to-be explore their inner values and self-concept. This stage defines who they actually are and what they actually want to be. Being self-aware and knowing personal characteristics is as important as learning the theories of counseling. Once they are clear about their own values, they can determine the b ounties in which they want to work. Not everyone can work in a profession that demands occasional conflicts of personal and professional values and ethics. Hence, keeping the view of the research conducted by various experts, we can say that trainees who start seeing clients before their masters level training are bound to suffer a shock. They will not be able to handle the clients. Their own values will not be in sync with their professional demands. Being not fully self-aware and lack of proper training might lead them not only to a dissatisfied client but they might also add to the misery of their client. If they give advice according to their personal ethics and values rather than professional values, their clients will doubt their sincerity towards them. All in all, it will not be a good decision to practice before having some masters level training. Conclusion Counseling is not only a profession but also a great responsibility. It is a vast field which includes career counseling, grief counseling, behavior therapy, heath counseling and also covers issues like addiction, mental health and relationship issues. Clients confine everything in their therapist and seek their guidance in various aspects of their lives. To become a counselor, one has to possess certain qualities like theoretical knowledge of personality, empathy for clients situation, understanding behavior, attentive listening ability and power of deduction. After studying the literature pertinent to personality and values of a counselor, it can be concluded that both of these are very important for the professional development of a counselor. Their personality not only defines who they are but also determines how efficient they are in their profession. Strong moral and ethical values of a counselor can make the relationship with clients stronger. Clients will rely on the counselor for his/her advice. If in-training counselors try to treat their patients before master level training, they are more likely to have cognitive issues and difficulty in dealing with their own personality and work value conflict. So, it is better to start practicing once you are finished with training so that there is no confusion between personal and work values.

Fallacies involving credibility and context

Fallacies involving credibility and context Chapter 6 Fallacies Involving Credibility Fallacies of Context Fallacies Involving Credibility APPEAL TO AUTHORITY using testimonial evidence for a proposition when the conditions for credibility are not satisfied or the use of such evidence is inappropriate. This is usually called appeal to false authority, because not all appeals to authority are bad. Think of any celebrity endorsement commercial-Michael Jordan telling you to wear Hanes underwear. MJ is awful cool, but hes no Undergarment Scientist. From an advertising point of view this is good business, but not from the logical viewpoint. More sinister occurrences happen when someone who is an authority in a specific field urges a proposition concerning a related field. For example, you may have seen one of these commercials for the miracle weight loss pill-the endorser in the white lab coat with the stethoscope is not a doctor at all (in one case I saw someone in labeled in residency which is apparently all the experience you need to give a medical recommendation for super-fat-destroying pills). AD HOMINEM-using a negative trait of a speaker as evidence that their statement is false or their argument is weak. Abusive This is the easiest form of this fallacy to spot. It goes like this You shouldnt pick Susan to be on our basketball team because shes a computer geek. This fallacy aims at saying something distasteful about a persons character. It is appropriate to attack someones character if it is on a relevant topic. If the prosecutions star witness has a history of lying, that is very pertinent to the case. Exception to the rule it is OK to point out a negative personality trait as long as it is relevant. For instance, Ms. Smiggles declares that she saw Mr. Rwowrth murder Mr. Gritspit. But many of her friends and coworkers have declared that Ms. Smiggles is a notoriously liar. Circumstantial-This form of Ad Hominem aims to hurt a persons reputation through an association with something in that persons context. For instance You shouldnt vote for Hilary Clinton because her husbands brother is in jail. You can attack someone for being in a bad circumstance that they helped cause. For example if someone is running for political office and it comes out that they were once part of a business that went bankrupt and that candidate had made decisions that contributed to the companys demise, that would be important evidence to consider. Tu Quoque-This means you too; it happens when one corrupt politician says to another corrupt politician Youre corrupt and the other one responds that doesnt matter, you are too! That is to say, this is not a real excuse. If we found out that the Secretary of Defense had been using his government credit card to buy weekends in France, the Secretary of Defense will not help himself by saying, but everyones doing it! Poisoning the Well-A particularly wicked kind of attack. For example if someone were to say Of course you support universal health care, youre a liberal! The insinuation is that the accused is so dominated by their own ideology that they cant think straight (see terrorists). The accused person can now say nothing that is not suspicious. Every reason that accused person would produce to support their claims will fall under the category, Things Liberals Always Say. So the accused person is left defenseless. The other way round it might look like this Of course you support increased defense spending, youre a conservative! implying that being a conservative made it impossible to rationally consider defense spending. Surely there are people who are so completely wrapped in their own point of view that they cannot be rational, but this kind of attack is bad because it prevents any further debate. Fallacies of Context FALSE ALTERNATIVE (FALSE DELIMA) excluding relevant possibilities without justification. This fallacy usually presents two alternatives, one which the arguer wants you to pick and one which is undesirable. For example, You can either volunteer for military service now, or you can be drafted later. You dont want to wait to be drafted later as grunt, so you should volunteer now. The problem is that those arent the only two options available to us. This fallacy is often committed by the demagogues who say things like youre either with us or youre against us. The move tries to scare people into joining the speaker for fear of becoming their enemy. POST HOC-using the fact that one even preceded another as sufficient evidence for the conclusion that the first caused the second. This will be the foundation of a lot of the superstitions. I stepped under a ladder, and that made me have a bad day. Stepping under the ladder only came before the rest of my day, but stepping under the ladder did not cause the rest of my day to sour. More sophisticated versions of this fallacy seek to reinterpret history such as Since the American Civil War occurred before World War I, the Civil War is obviously the cause of World War I. Slipper Slope-This version of Post Hoc seeks to set up a chain of events to connect two unrelated propositions. Heres an example If you start listening to the Beatles, youll want to listen to other rock n roll, then youll listen to Nirvana, then youll start smoking and drinking, and that will lead marijuana, which will in turn lead to coke, crack, meth, and steroids, and the only way to keep up youre habit youll have to steal, and someone will shoot you. So, if you dont want to be shot to death, dont listen to the Beatles. HASTY GENERALIZATION-inferring a general proposition from an inadequate sample of particular cases. Taking to few samples and then generalizing to broadly is whats happening here. This fallacy is most often seen in arriving at stereotypes of people. For instance, The perpetrators of the 9/11 massacre were Islamic, therefore all Islamic people are terrorists. COMPOSITION-inferring that a whole has a property merely because its parts have that property For example, This sparkplug is part of the car. It is very light. So, the whole car must be light. This is a lot like Hasty Generalization. Heres a more sinister example, Ralph is Native-American and Ralph is an anarchist, so all Native-Americans must be anarchists. DIVISION-inferring that a part has a property merely because the whole has that property. For instance, This computer is heavy, so all of its parts must be heavy. More sinisterly, In the U.S., most people believe in God, so my buddy, Garth, must believe in God.

Essay --

In today’s socio-political currency, often there is cheapened ‘Hero Inflation’ devoid of serious moral reflection in indiscriminate glory of dubious value. Within that promiscuous praise that greases the path for bottom of the barrel hyperbole debased hero-worshipping, and if you throw partisan vituperation of political complexities in the mix, it becomes absurd ventilation of the small soul’s lowest common denominator. You get all kinds of cluttered mind, suffocating echo chamber, denialism barking on style over substance. In their politically charged hyper reality, truth is variable, partial and filtered through narrow partisan optics. Soullessness of the chattering class are so vein that even old chestnuts falling from their favorite leaders’ mouth are treated like jewels. You may call it a mix of Rolling Stone and Mad magazines, with a dash of National Lampoon tossed in. Now with these elements getting into street politics outlier, ideologies get calcified, cocooned and extremism galvanized; unpersuaded by conventional understanding of facts, figures, & evidence; and always dismissive of the legitimacy of its political opposition. Leaders for whom they root for, are many a times are truly incompetent, can’t even recognize their own incompetence and that reigns supreme. They thrive in sloganeering & narrow echo chambers, where they listen to themselves and their supporting cast, and that keeps them going, forgetting that the rest of the country think they're empty-head, crazy. Because of these framed-up political game, national interest suffers, and whole nation eventually pays dearly for that. Looking at current politicking & electioneering in Dhaka, you can’t take politics out of these political elements. They are into polit... ...has also a partisan biasness in favor of Prime Minister Hasina’s Awami League. Their repeated, open interference in Bangladesh politics raises eye-brows in many quarters, more so because India is delaying in implementation of agreed India-Bangladesh Land Boundary protocol, water-sharing accord from common river of Padma & Teesta. Some even believe, India care less to be an honest broker, rather they are part of this turmoil instigator. Today Bangladesh is at the political cross-road. Controversy withstanding, diplomatic club is the last resort to bring some common-ground in this politically charged environment. Will they succeed? If they don’t, current political impasse would turn into a train-wreck waiting to happen. So I would urge upon all my fellow Bangladeshi compatriots to exert maximum pressure for finding a common ground & compromise. God bless Bangladesh.

The Future Of Cloning Essay -- Science Genetics Essays

The Future Of Cloning On July 5, 1996, a sheep named Dolly was born, having been cloned from an adult sheep cell. This event brought with it a swirl of controversy regarding the implications of cloning. Just days after the event, Bill Clinton banned all federal funding for human cloning research in order to analyze the legal and ethical ramifications of human cloning. Cloning of both humans and animals has amazing potential in research and medicine, but there are drawbacks. There are many ethical, philosophical, and religious objections to cloning, especially the cloning of humans. In this paper I hope to convince you that both human and animal cloning are veins of research that are worth pursuing and that only some divisions of human cloning should have restrictions placed on them. Animal cloning has many potential applications. According to The National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC), "Some of the immediate goals of this research are: to generate groups of genetically identical animals for research purposes to rapidly propagate desirable animals stocks to improve the efficiency of generating and propagating transgenic livestock to produce targeted genetic alterations in domestic animals to pursue basic knowledge about cell differentiation" (p. 24). Cloning sets of animals that are genetically identical would be beneficial to research scientists because it would eliminate differences in results due to genetic differences in the test subjects. Livestock owners could benefit from genetically identical copies of specimens containing traits the owner found desirable. Cows and pigs that produce larger quantities of useable meat and dairy cattle that produce larger amounts of milk are some examples. Some h... ...ake it's course. I placed this reference page here because Alec was accurate in his work. However, the formatting, as I have said before, gets messed up when I transfer data to html pages. Sometimes I can work it out, sometimes I can't, so if you see something contrary to your Handbook, it wasn't Alec's mistake. References Cloning Special Report [10 paragraphs]. New Scientist [online serial], 158.2129.Available http://newscientist.com/nsplus/insight/clone/faq.html Nash, Madeline J. (1998, February 9). The Case For Cloning [10 paragraphs]. Time.com [online serial], 151.5. Available http;//www.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/1998/ ........dom/980209/science.the_case_for_clo26.html National Bioethics Advisory Commission. (1997, June). Cloning Human Beings: Report And Recommendations Of The National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Rockville, Maryland

Albertsons Works on Employee Attitudes essay

ALBERTSONS WORKS ON EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES 1. The Successful Life program made by Foreman's dramatically influences the company's profitability. This program made a transparency between the management and the employee. Like for example on the 1st day they begin it in inspirational hand-out. In this case management build and let their employee know what was the goal of the company and what are those things that they have to do t contribute in the company success. The program also encourage each individual most especially those that is in the lower position to appreciate their present in the company.It is very important that we will not set aside our employee. As much as possible management should recognize them and let them feel that they are important in an organization. In return this employee will give their best and contribute their knowledge for the benefit of the company. Remember the best asset of a company is the employee!. 2. † Positive attitude is the single biggest thing that can change a business†. It's right! If we think positively our outcome will be positive. What if for example we made a mistake then other people see that mistake. Some treat it as negative but for some they treat it as positive.Positive in the sense that they treat it as opportunity or room for improvement. So! if all the employee will be motivated well and lead it to company's goal the change in business will be more like easier. Appreciate each individual; positive attitude is like building and empowering employee by sharing each individual talent and skill. 3. I should have to monitor if this program are really effective. I should have not to think for the benefit of the company. I have to look the feedback on how my employee turns it into productivity. It was like building relationship with my employee.But still with this program there is a risk. What if my employee leave me after this program?. If this program will last for example three months then with that period I should see little changes in our business. I had a experience regarding giving this kind of program some of my co worker undergone the program just left the company and went abroad. What happen was management was very disappointed because they will contribute it to other company. 4. Foreman's program was pretty much good. I think I should have to relate it in my real work. Every morning we have what we so called circle meeting.Like in Foreman's program we try to share each experience on shifting period we share the problem we encounter in the line then what are those things that we've done. Every third week of the month we had a Plant wide meeting were in all the question and concern were raise. This Foreman's program seems to be motivating to every employee because this program gives each individual importance. In this kind of program employee encourage to contribute and share their talents. It's not just always work we should not put pressure in our workplace. At least in a mean while we have to put some relaxation so that our employee will be more productive.

Mansfield Reformatory

Mansfield Reformatory The Mansfield Reformatory was built in the year 1886 and was originally built with intentions of humanely rehabilitating first-time offenders. The reformatory was initially applauded for creating a positive step forward for prison reform. It was later in 1978 that the reformatory’s legacy was one of abuse, torture, and murder. It had been denounced for â€Å"brutalizing and inhuman conditions†. Violence among inmates was an everyday way of life. Tales have been told of inmates being sliced by shanks, beaten by soap bars and even thrown from six-story high walk ways.These tragic deaths were all trigged from petty grievances. It has been told that on one occasion after a riot; approximately one hundred and twenty inmates had been confined for several days in â€Å"the hole† with only twenty rooms to hold these prisoners. One room consisted of a toilet and a bunk and was not spacious by any means. During this time at least one inmate had been m urdered and hidden in the corner of the room under bedding material for the several days to follow. The â€Å"sweat box† was a special type of torture used on African American inmates and Caucasian prisons escaped this punishment.Along with the murders of countless prisoners, a prison farmer and his family, the warder and his wife also had died at the Mansfield Reformatory. After ninety-four years of operation, 154,000 inmates had passed through its gates as a working prison. Eventually in the year 1990 the Mansfield Reformatory was shut down. Mansfield Reformatory Preservation Society (MRPS) took over ownership and unsealed the prison to the public. Tours, over-night ghost hunts and ghost walks are now help on a regular basis at the reformatory.Since opened to the public as an attraction it has been considered among ghost hunters as the most active haunted place in the United States. Paranormal investigators have captured numerous EVPs, standing for electronic voice phenomen a which generated noises that resemble speech, have reports of unexplained cold spots and equipment malfunctions. The reformatory has earned itself much attention and has been the set for four movies including Harry and Walter Go to New York, Tango and Crash, Air Force One, and The Shawshank Redemption. Not to mention Godsmack made this he scene for their â€Å"Awake† music video and Marilynn Manson has done photography inside this spooky building. The history inside the walls of the Mansfield Reformatory makes it an interesting place to tour first hand. Tours are held on Saturdays and Sundays, there are four guided tours to choose from. The West Tower Tour includes a tour from the guard tower. From a higher perspective you can see the view of the cemetery where prisoners have been buried and assigned number is marked on their headstone. This tour takes you through the Big Dig, which is the underground tunnel system. This torn consists of excessive stair climbing.The East Cel l Block Tours travels through the length of the east cell block, the world’s largest freestanding steel cell block. A visit to the Catholic Chapel and insight on the living quarters is also part of this tour. The Hollywood Tour shows the office of the warden in the Shawshank Redemption, the Parole Board Room and Andy Dufresne's escape tunnel. Hazard a trip into the sinister â€Å"hole. † View the 1886 West Cell Block used as a Russian prison in Air Force One. This tour also involves extensive stair-climbing. The Behind the Senses Tours ventures behind the scenes allowing access to areas not open to the general public.There is also a view of the West Attic and where guides share stories of inmate punishment. Guides will also take the tour through â€Å"The Yard† where Andy and Red would sit and talk also from the Shawshank Redemption. Admission for all tours is five dollars per person plus an additional fee of nine dollars per adult or seven dollars per child, se nior, college students and military veterans. These tours are full of history and interesting facts. You can still see props left behind after filming had finished. I encourage everyone to take a tour and see for you what an amazing experience it is.