The Rise of Intercollegiate Football and Its Portrayal in American Popu

The Rise of Intercollegiate Football and Its Portrayal in American Popular Literature With the success of the Merriwell literature, juvenile sport fiction became abundant. In all subsequent stories, the model for traditional juvenile sport fiction, even continuing today, is the illustrious Frank Merriwell (Oriard, 1982). As the Merriwell series dwindled to a halt in the 1910’s, books began to dominate the world of children’s sport fiction. Oriard (1982) suggested the popularity of these books rose because â€Å"the juvenile sports novel combined the action of the dime novels with the middle-class morality of the Alger (rags-to-riches) novel† (p. 47). In 1912, the year Gilbert Patten retired as the author of the Merriwell stories, Owen Johnson published his children’s novel, Stover at Yale. Dink Stover looms as the hero of Johnson’s novel, which follows young Dink from his freshman year to the beginning of his senior year at the illustrious Yale University. Johnson’s novel while similar to the Merriwell series, establishes a ne w era in juvenile sport literature that starts the maturation process of the collegiate athlete-hero. Many of Frank Merriwell’s challenges did occur on the playing field at Yale in a multitude of sports that included football, baseball, crew, and track. During most of these events, however, the precocious hero and his comrades usually solved a mystery or righted some wrong. In addition, Merriwell left college for a few years, and this respite from college life enabled the multifaceted young man to write a play, purchase a champion thoroughbred horse, and travel the world in his pursuit to stamp out all wrongdoing, all activities contrary to the ideals of amateurism. Stover receives the hero worship typical o... ...mith, R.A. (1988). Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Smith, R.A. (1993). â€Å"History of Amateurism in Men’s Intercollegiate Athletics: The Continuance of a 19th-Century Anachronism in America.† QUEST. Vol. 45, pp. 430-447. Standish, B.L. (1900). â€Å"Frank Merriwell’s Policy; or, Playing Columbia for Practice.† TipTop Weekly. No. 238. Standish, B.L. (1901). â€Å"Dick Merriwell at Fardale; or, The Wonder of School.† Tip Top Weekly. No. 291. Thelin, J.R. (1994). Games Colleges Play: Scandal and Reform in Intercollegiate Athletics. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Valenzi, K.D., Ed. (1990). Champion of Sport: The Life and Times of Walter Camp, 1859-1925. Charlottesville, VA: Howell Press, Inc. Watterson, J.S. (1988). â€Å"Inventing Modern Football.† American Heritage. Sept./Oct., pp. 102-113.

Consciousness As Determined Th Essay examples -- essays research paper

Consciousness is understood in a variety of ways. In one belief, a person is conscious when awake, but unconscious when sleeping or comatose. Yet people also do things requiring perception and thought unconsciously even when they are awake. A person can be conscious of their physical surroundings, pain and even a wish or fantasy. In short a creature is conscious if it is aware of itself and that it is a physical and emotional being. Consciousness is a psychological condition defined by the English philosopher John Locke as "the perception of what passes in a man’s own mind".1 Consciousness is defined and perceived differently in many psychological view points. For instance the earlier views around the 19th century was diversely considered. Most perceived consciousness as a substance or "mental stuff" unlike an object from the physical world. Others deferred that the conscious mind was what separated man from lower forms of life. It is an attribute characterized by sensation and voluntary movement which described the difference between normal waking state of animals and men and their condition when asleep.2 Other descriptions included an analysis of consciousness as a form of relationship or act of the mind toward objects in nature, and a view that consciousness was a continuous field or stream of essentially mental "sense data." The method believed by most early writers in determining consciousness was introspection—looking within one’s own mind to discover the laws of it’s operation. This belief was limited when it was apparent when observationalists could not agree on observations. Obviously due to the differences in one’s own idea of introspection and the underlying views they possessed. The failure of introspection to reveal consistent laws led to the refection of all mental states as subjects of scientific study and thus psychology attached consciousness to its diversity. The term consciousness is most often used by philosophers and psychologists as meaning "attention to the contents or workings of one’s own mind." This notion had little significance for the ancients, but it was emphasized in the 17th century by John Locke and Rene Descartes. Contemporaries of ... ... physical framework of reality.6 Smythies presents that everyone has a private space in addition to the shared, public version. Each individual’s personal framework intersects with the familiar dimensions while remaining distinct from them, and it provides an arena for all conscious sensations that have spatial extension or location–objects discernible by sight or touch.7 To understand Smythies’ theory see Appendix A. In conclusion one can determine a variety of theories in the evolution of consciousness. As cited earlier, consciousness is viewed as being physical or material in some cases and yet in others it is viewed as a function of the inner mind or the minds eye. These theories have even been as radical as Smythies’ philosophy that the state of consciousness is a sort of physical plane. If we were to collaborate these theories to form a conclusive view point, individuals would possibly be able to understand consciousness and the workings of consciousness. Perhaps the mystery of consciousness is to remain a mystery. Possibly this mystery is the key to cognitive thinking. And perhaps the key to our personal evolution.

Legal Aspects of Air Transportation

Legal Aspects of Air Transportation Kevinn A. Narvaez Y00285940 AWSC 3200 Air Transportation Prof. Ocasio Table of Contents IntroductionPage 3 Main EssayPage 4 ConclusionPage 6 ReferencesPage 7 Introduction: Air Transportation is one of the fastest growing sectors of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, as such, it is subject to an increasing legal requirements. Many legal requirements has to do with the financial side of the air transportation business, specifically financial and documentation matters. These legal requirements are usually decided via yearly ICAO and IATA meetings, but also via special conferences, such as the Chicago Conference and the Havana Conference, where major changes in international air transportation were made. In this project we will look at some of the different legal measures taken to ensure fair competition and standardize business practices in the international air transportation industry. We will also look at some of the international agreements regarding air transportation, and the effects that they have had on the industry. Main Essay: International air transportation is an example of a politically- dependent business. International agreements and disagreements affect were, how, when, and how frequently air carriers fly to international destinations. A clear example of this is the embargo against Cuba, flights from the United States to Cuba are extremely heavily regulated. In many other instances, politics have played an important role in determini ng international air transportation policy, and as such, international air transportation, is in a constant state of flux. A tragic example of a flight that was caught in the bad side of international disputes was Korean Airlines Flight 007, which was shot down over the former Soviet Union during September of 1983, a period during which relationships between East and West were at a straining point. Likewise, many laws affect the citizens of a particular nation, such as the Fly America Act, which obligates United States federal employees and their families to fly primarily on air carriers from the United States. This functions as a trade boon for American air carriers, virtually guaranteeing large revenues on international flights as well as domestic flights. 4 The Fly America Act was not the first legal action placed on international air transportation, we can go as far back the Chicago and Havana Conventions, and find evidence of legal actions imposed on air transportation. These legal actions are numerous, and include the â€Å"Nine Freedoms of the Air,† and the Montreal Convention, which establishes legal boundaries and requirements for law suits involving air carriers and passengers. Of course, the legal effects of air transportation have an effect on the economics of the business, when nations go to war, and declare blockades, airlines have to increase ticket prices to cover operational risks and other factors not planned for. With increased cost comes less reward, and eventually, the airline may have to shut down the route due to excessive costs. 5 Conclusion: The legal aspects of air transportation are numerous, and their effects are not only far-reaching, but powerful in their scope. As such, many airliners are subject to their rule, and have had to adjust their operations to compensate for these legal bindings. As we have seen, the legal affects don't just encompass laws and trade agreements, but also international politics and disputes. More often than not, air carriers prefer to not operate in areas that have been involved in international conflicts, for the sake of the passengers and the aircrew. The future of air transportation law is highly unpredictable, with nations making and breaking agreements every day. However, this does not exclude the airline industry from adapting to the changing legal climate as it has done in the past. Hopefully, in the future more agreements like the â€Å"Open Skies† act and the â€Å"Nine Freedoms of the Air† will cause the airline industry to flourish. 6 References: Air Transportation; Xunta de Galicia. Retrieved on 27/Nov/2009http://www. bygalicia. eu/en/keys_to_internationalisation/logistics_and_distribution/transport/air_transport/ International Civil Aviation, various, Retrieved on 27/Nov/2009 http://www. centennialofflight. gov/essay/Government_Role/Intl_Civil/POL19. htm Air Transport Law and Policy in the 1990's: Controlling the Boom, Aberson, Emile; Mendes de Leon, Pablo. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1991 http://books. google. com. pr/books? id=yEvwGJnaZ-YC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=legal+aspects+air+transport&source=bl&ots=QDO9UM67k4&sig=GjFZpfrImlsDED3UvuGuDUKHVZE&hl=en&ei=0nAWS4ecEs2ztgfMraj7BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAjgy#v=onepage&q=legal%20aspects%20air%20transport&f=false Korean Air Lines Flight 007, various, retrieved on 27/Nov/2009 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007 Montreal Conference, ICAO. Retrieved on 28/Nov/2009 28/Nov. 2009http://www. jus. uio. no/lm/air. carriage. unification. convention. montreal. 1999/ 7

Alternative Energy Sources

The depletion of conventional and non-renewable sources of energy i. e. fossil fuels, which include coal, gasoline and natural gas, has caused concern among the policy makers and the consumers. Moreover, the recent increase in oil prices has caused inflation due to higher transportation costs of the commodities. However, the biggest drawback of using the non-renewable sources of energy has been an increase in environmental pollution, and the phenomenon of global warming.When the fossil fuels are burnt by millions of vehicles on road, ships on water, and by aeroplanes in air, toxic emissions including deadly hydrocarbons, and lethal carbon monoxide are released into the atmosphere. These poisonous gases cause severe respiratory diseases, and cancer in the most vulnerable human population i. e. children and elderly. Is it beneficial to continue the use of fossil fuels whose emissions cause deadly diseases in humans?Also, one of the emissions is carbon dioxide, which is the main cause o f global warming. Since the fossil fuels are limited in supply, scientists, environmentalists and policy makers have been striving to find the alternative sources of energy, which are replenishable, easily available, non-polluting, non-detrimental to the health of humans, environmental friendly and do not cause global warming. Isn’t it beneficial for us to explore and deploy the alternative energy sources?I strongly feel that we must develop technology to commercially exploit the alternative energy sources. Some of the types of alternative energy sources along with their utility to humanity are highlighted in the following discussion. Discussion Different definitions of alternative energy have been given by different thinkers and organizations. Economy Watch reported that Material Management Services defined it â€Å"as an alternative for the renewable energy forms,† which has â€Å"not been extracted from fossil fuels.† Further, as defined by Natural Resources Defense Council, Economy Watch stated that alternative energy is peripheral and environmental-friendly. According to Economy Watch, Responding to Climate Change 2007 has defined alternative energy as the one â€Å"that is drawn from the untraditional sources of energy like winds, compressed natural gases, hydroelectricity and solar sources. † When different definitions are merged, the complete meaning of alternative energy sources becomes evident. Alternative Energy Sources The consumption of natural resources has come to dominate the minds of policy-makers and general public in the US, given the limited range of these resources and concerns associated with the burden the growing population places on the reserves.The most obvious problem the US encounters in the realm of natural resources consumption is undeniably the consumption of energy resources.In addition to increasing the efficiency of oil production, the nation will sooner or later have to turn to alternative energy sources. While these sources still remain too expensive to be operational, their technology is undergoing rapid transformations to make them more cost-efficient. Wind mills are already effectively used in Spain where the climate is characterized by strong winds.Solar energy, geothermal power, tides, hydroelectric power plants – all these are ways to receive energy in a way that is less dangerous for the environment and can with time fully replace oil as a source of energy. Con sidering the dangers posed to the US society by the resource depletion, we will also try to look at alternative solutions that will enable us to replace the reserves.Current StateSolar energy is attractive because the energy received by the earth annually exceeds the amount of energy used by humanity by 35,000 times, although â€Å"about 1/3 of this energy is either absorbed by the outer atmosphere or reflected back into space† (University of Utah).Geothermal energy that stems from the inner heat of the earth is of lesser importance as it can be used only to replace a small amount of human needs. The temperatures of 100 degrees Celsius are located only three miles away from the surface, which gives man an opportunity to use geothermal energy.Tidal facilities like the one operated by the former Soviet Union in Lumkara, use the power of the water â€Å"to fill reservoirs, which are then slowly discharged through electricity-producing turbines† (University of Utah).The at traction of tidal power, in contrast to solar and wind energy is its predictability and rich supply that can be calculated since it comes on a regular basis. In contrast, in the case of solar and wind energy, the industry often has to wait for days until the sun comes out or the wind begins to blow. However, the Survey of Energy Resources published by the World Energy Council in 2001 points to â€Å"long construction times, high capital intensity and low load factors† as preventing economic efficiency of this type of energy (World Energy Council). Alternative Energy Sources The move to alternative energy sources is inevitable for most of the modern world. Reasons for the move include sheer economics, geopolitics and environmental protection.Through the years, the world has gotten used to using fossil fuels for their energy needs. Products derived from fossil fuels are used in transportation, in electricity generation, in petrochemicals and even in road construction.The primary reason for the move is the inadequacy of fossil fuels to meet future energy demands at an economically feasible price. Fossil fuels, due to their nature, are of finite supply. Even though no estimates show that the amount of fossil fuels in the Earth is not about to run out, economic forces will cut the fossil fuel supply even before it runs out.As the amount of fossil fuels extracted decreases, the greater the demand for it becomes, particularly because of rising economies. Economics will thus dictate that the price of fossil fuels go up due to shifts in global supply and demand. Sooner or later, the price of energy will rise to unsustainable prices – prices which can cripple economies and cause great financial problems for the common man due to inflation.Already, we have seen evidences of this scenario happening. The price of oil has risen continually over the years and has already sparked unrest in some countries.Alternative energy sources, especially renewable energy sources are clearly better in the long run. Renewable energy sources will not face the problems faced by rising oil prices today simply because these energy sources are not finite.Alternative energy sources like biomass, wind, hydro and solar energy will always be replenished. Moreover, these energy sources are also less polluting than fossil fuel sources. The use of fossil fuels has been linked to the phenomenon of anthropogenic global warming.Carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels are said to cause Earth’s temperature to rise abnormally – a situat ion which can have disastrous effects on a global scale if left unchecked. Renewable energy sources do not suffer from this drawback which makes them more attractive from an environmental perspective.Nuclear energy is also another alternative energy form. While it is not exactly renewable due to the finiteness of the Earth’s Uranium deposits, the high yield of nuclear energy means that the accessible Uranium in the Earth can last us for centuries before running out.Nuclear energy is clean, already available and can supply energy at a large scale. While there are concerns regarding its safety as well as what to do with spent nuclear waste, newer technologies have managed to reduce the dangers from these nuclear side effects. These make nuclear energy an attractive stopgap until the development of more advanced energy sources.In the pipeline are also some more futuristic energy options. Hydrogen power is a promising alternative to using oil products in transportation. Unlike oi l combustion which releases pollutants into the air, the by-product of Hydrogen consumption is harmless water vapor. Lastly, Helium-3 fusion is an attractive solution which can potentially end all of Earth’s energy problems. Helium-3 fusion is a form of nuclear energy which utilizes Helium instead of Uranium and has no radioactive by products.ReferencesNational Renewable Energy Laboratory – www.nrel.govSchmitt, H. (October 2004). Mining The Moon. In Popular Mechanics. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/air_space/1283056.html?page=4.Whitlock, J. (2008). Uranium. In Canadian Nuclear FAQ. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/cnf_sectionG.htm#uranium_supply.    Alternative Energy Sources It is undeniable that global warming has been one of the most pressing issues facing the world today. Global warming is due to the greenhouse effect wherein greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap the sun's heat in our atmosphere and prevent it from radiating back into space. However the issue of global warming is not about global warming.The greenhouse effect has been around for millions of years and is indeed responsible for the development of life as without it the earth would be too cold to support the variety of flora and fauna we see today. The issue of global warming has been accelerated global warming.The issue is how the rate of heating by the earth's surface is proceeding at a much faster rate than mother nature can adapt to. If the predictions are correct, this will result in a multitude of changes. Environmental changes such as the rise in global sea levels due to the melting of the ice caps, an increase in the frequency of extreme weather due to changing precipitation patterns, and massive rates of extinction.These massive environmental effects also translate to massive economic effects especially in agriculture. Drought will affect the production of essential foodstuffs like grain especially in the equatorial regions. The retreat of glaciers will also affect farms which are dependent on glacier runoff for irrigation.Global warming will also strain government pockets as the need for preventive infrastructure like floodgates as well as for repair and reconstruction of old infrastructure which is damaged by the increased temperature variation. Increased health costs will also be a burden on social services.One of the key methods for mitigating the advance of global warming is by the reduction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Some of the ways of reducing greenhouse gases include changing practices in agriculture, stopping deforestation, as well as restoring and conserving degraded land.Another way for reducing greenhouse gases is by switching our energy production from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. Some renewable energy sources include solar power, wind power, hydrogen, and nuclear power. This paper discusses these alternative energy sources and the prospects for their use.Most of the energy needs of the United States comes from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. The combustion of these fossil fuels drive generators which provide electricity as well as engines that power our transportation.However, these fossil fuels are considered nonrenewable energy sources simply because these fossil fuels are of limited supply. Sooner or later, the world's fossil fuel deposits will reach a point such that their extraction would not be economically feasible. Already, the huge demand for oil is pushing its price to record levels with each   passing year.As opposed to fossil fuel based energy sources, renewable energy comes from sources that wont run out in any anthropological time frame. Renewable sources suc h as wind or solar power come from sources which are constantly replenished, and will be constantly replenished barring major changes of geological or astronomical scale.As such, investments in renewable power is much more future proof. Because these renewable sources of energy wont run out, we can be sure that succeeding generations will be able to benefit from renewable energy sources we develop today. That much cannot be said for sources of energy from oil, gas and coal.

Individual report of Digital Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Individual report of Digital Marketing - Essay Example However, the industry has seen a demand upsurge in recent years for outbound holiday travel packages, especially as the pound has strengthened. In spite of the revenue contractions in the industry for the year 2011-2012, the sector is expected to post a 0.6% compound annual growth through 2015-2016. The strongest focus has been on online travel sales, which accounted for over 50% of total travel sales in 2013 (euromonitor.com, 2014: p1). Indeed, customers are increasingly turning to the internet for information on travel destinations in order to make informed decisions. Thus, a digital marketing strategy will be essential for tour and travel operators going forward. The UK political environment is relatively stable, which has a positive impact on potential clients. Border policy and resultant entry fees is also a factor affecting the UK travel sectors with shorter 3-month group visas at reduced costs being a positive factor for the sector (ibisworld.co.uk, 2015: p1). In addition, the UK government and governments in countries that are favoured by UK travel tourists, such as Australia and South Africa, are implementing environmental policies that may impact on the travel sector. Finally, terrorist threats on UK citizens may also portend a specific risk for the industry. The global financial and economic crises affected countries like the UK significantly, which has resulted in reduced travel by UK consumers due to purchasing power pressures and uncertainty about employment (ibisworld.co.uk, 2015: p1). However, the strengthening pound in relation to other major world currencies has increased the spending power of outbound travel clients from the UK. Declining inflation in the UK and the wider EU region has also meant that costs for travelling in the UK have reduced. Increasing concerns about sustainability in the travels and tours industry, especially in

Content Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Content Management Systems - Essay Example Rather, users act as passive beneficiaries who receive the information on the web pages just as they have been stored. This means that given a number of users receiving information from a single server, all users will at any given time receive the same information. Even though the internet has today come to be a great transformation that depends on the principles of content management system in a dynamic way, Eldridge (2001) notes that the internet used to consist solely of HTML or static web pages, that is, web pages that are not changed before being displayed in a web browser. 2. How are CMS currently being used? Today, content management system is at the centre of the internet and controls almost all web site creation processes. Present internet experts and web creating experts depend on content management system to â€Å"lower the barriers to entry and make it much easier to launch a site, keep it updated and get more out of it† (Miller, 2012). This means that content mana gement system is currently being used to do away with impediments that made the accessibility to websites more difficult in times past. It is also being used to make the ownership and maintenance of websites more free flowing and easy. What is even better is that unlike the days when the internet was dominated with static pages, web hosts are able to update their web pages more quickly and promptly. It is not for nothing that today we have websites that are dedicated to giving live score of sports activities. 3. Types of CMS (include cost and size) Content management system comes in a number of types. Commonest among these that will be treated include enterprise and open source. Each of these comes in different size and different cost management that accompany them. a. Enterprise As the name implies, Enterprise Content Management System (ECMS) works for established enterprises in managing their ill-structured and haphazard documents, content, records and facts. Enterprise content ma nagement system can therefore be described as an electronic organizational process for an organization. Because of the task involved, which entails getting the disorganized organized, enterprise content management system is often cost involving. Its size however depends on the size of the enterprise in question. Once duly delivered, enterprise will ensure integrity, protected security and elimination of all forms of bottlenecks in the organization’s operations. b. Open Source Open source allows for accessibility to already existing content management systems. This is not to say that it changes static pages to dynamic pages but then it enhances the function and work of dynamic pages by creating multi-functionality such as access to motion pictures. Because this is an optional component to web pages, it is mostly not costly to the user because he decides to use by choice. Open source however makes the webpage sizes bigger. 4. CMS Functionality Content management system function ality is combination of a number of integrated activities and processes that need to be carried out to make the functioning of any webpage complete and successful. In the absence of effective content management system functionality in place, it will be impossible to amass the total benefit of a website for business returns. Functionality therefore involves processes such as updating content from

Organizational Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Culture - Assignment Example To treat its workforce appropriately, the company offers part time and full-time employees to access full benefits in health care, discounted stock purchase strategies/stock option, and other personal benefits. Starbucks offer friendly services, flexibility in working hours by the employees, and a welcoming atmosphere. The organization works with farmers who grow coffee beans to affect their lives positively, since coffee growing regions seem to be extremely poor yet the cost of coffee has slowed down due to oversupply. Baristas at Starbucks are proud of both the training they access and the company they work for. Upper management is evidently diverse as compared to most big companies in the United States. The company’s reputation has been built by all this principles for a more liberal and progressive large corporation. The company believes in employing exceptional people who are enthusiastic to work and produce excellent outcomes. In exchange, they are committed to the development of their good people through identifying, developing, training, promoting, and rewarding those employees who are committed to moving the company forward. Its employees are also included in the decision making process of the company to allow honesty and transparency (Randle and Flamholtz, 2001). As a result, Starbuck’s reputation and organizational culture, its performance has greatly improved. It is an extensively profitable organization, its earnings in 2004 was an excess of $600 million and generated revenue above $5000 million in the respective year. It has been ranked as a global coffee brand based on a reputation for fine services and products with almost 9000 cafes within forty nations. Starbucks was among the fortune top 100 organizations to be employed by in 2005 since it is a respected employer that highly values its workforce. This satisfies it to be a